Poomse (Forms) of Taekwondo
Poomse is the Korean word for forms. In this class, the Palgwe and the Taegeuk sets are taught, as well as the 1st two of the Kicho Set. At each belt grade, two forms will be taught, one from each set. The term “poomse” is the Korean term for form. The term “kata” is actually a Japanese term for form.
PALGWE
The term Palgwe is loosely translated as Eight Powers of the Universe, and these eight Palgwe poomse are based on these conceptual powers of Heaven, Mind, Fire, Thunder, Wind, Water, Mountain, and Earth.
According to K. M. Lee (Tae Kwon Do: Techniques & Training, 1996):
"The idea of Palgwe embraces different symbols and includes all opposing concepts and images. They grow through the process of constant change...in an endless state of development. These forms are meant to give the student an understanding of the basic principles of [Taekwondo], which are characterized by contrast-change and coming together, conflict and harmony—thereby corresponding to the idea of Palgwe."
Taegeuk
Taegeuk, when loosely translated, means Great Eternity or Eternal Greatness. The idealism of Taegeuk, which every student should learn, includes pacifism, unity, creative spirit, future spirit, and eternity.
The Taegeuk has the same symbolism as the Palgwe. J. R. Kim (Taekwondo: Basic Techniques Taegeuk Poomse) says:
“Taegeuk Poomse integrates the methods of attack, defense, forward movement and retreat, control of the speed of movements, and the intensity of the actions. The directions and lines of movement are represented by the eight symbols of ‘Palgwe.’ The overall purpose of Poomse is to control the breathing to be synchronized while executing techniques requiring great speed.”
Palgwe Forms and Descriptions
Il-jang (☰ - Heaven): Represents KEON, symbolized by the heavens and light. This form represents the source of creation by presenting the most basic techniques. It is the foundation from which the other forms build.
E-jang (☱ - Lake): Represents TAE, symbolizing the strength of the mind. This form reflects a frame of mind that is serene and gentle, yet firm—embodying true virtue and smiles. Movements are performed softly, yet with control and precision.
Sam-jang (☲ - Fire): Represents RI, associated with the element of fire. It symbolizes light, warmth, enthusiasm, and hope. Like fire, the form is filled with passion and energy, with vibrant and expressive movements.
Sa-jang (☳ - Thunder): Represents JIN, the force of thunder. This form emphasizes bravery and courage, demonstrated through sharp, explosive techniques that echo the suddenness of a thunderclap.
O-jang (☴ - Wind): Represents SUN, the symbol of wind. Movements in this form are fluid and flowing, showing adaptability, grace, and a calm but unyielding strength—like a steady breeze or a powerful gust.
Yuk-jang (☵ - Water): Represents GAM, the element of water. This form flows with smooth, continuous motion, reflecting water’s qualities of adaptability, depth, and persistence. It teaches endurance and inner resilience.
Chil-jang (☶ - Mountain): Represents GAN, the symbol of mountain. Movements are firm, strong, and grounded, representing stillness, stability, and unwavering determination—like an immovable peak.
Pal-jang (☷ - Earth): Represents GON, symbolizing the earth. As the culmination of all Palgwe forms, it reflects harmony, nurturing strength, and balanced power. Movements are stable and confident, expressing unity with all previous energies.